El Usuku lweHlabathi lwe-Archaeology Kuye kwasekwa njengosuku lokujonga phambili kwixesha elidlulileyo kunye nabo baphandayo namhlanje, kunye nokuxuba imisebenzi yokufikelela eluntwini, iindaba zenzululwazi kunye nokucamngca kukhuseleko lwelifa lemveli. Ngaphandle kwe-clichés enomdla, lo mhla ugxininisa umsebenzi wendlela emva kokufunyanwa ngakunye kunye nesidingo sokugcina into esixelelayo ukuba sasingobani.
Ukuthatha ithuba lesikhumbuzo, amaziko kunye namaqela ophando baye babelana iziphumo ezifanelekileyo kwiikona ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, ngelixa iimyuziyam kunye neendawo ze-archaeological zivula iingcango zabo ngeminikelo eyenzelwe bonke abaphulaphuli. Lilo, ngokufutshane, ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuthatha i-pulse yoqeqesho oludibanisayo isayensi, iteknoloji kunye nokuzibophelela kwezentlalo.
Yintoni ekhunjulwayo kwaye kutheni ibalulekile
I-18 ka-Agasti yakhethwa hlonipha inkumbulo kaKhaled al-Asaad, umembi wezinto zakudala waseSiriya owakhusela iPalmyra de kwasekupheleni nogama lakhe liye laba ngumfuziselo wokukhuselwa kwelifa kugonyamelo nakuphango. Olu suku sisikhumbuzo sokuba ilifa le-archaeology libuthathaka kwaye ukugcinwa kwalo ngokukhuselekileyo kufuna isibindi, ubukhali kunye nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe.
ESpeyin, isikhumbuzo siye saba iqhutywa ngamaqela eengcali ezifuna ukwenza umsebenzi we-archeology ubonakale kwaye uwusondeze kuluntu ngemisebenzi yoluntu. Isithethe sikwagxininisa Santa Elena, umxhasi ongcwele we-archaeologists, kunye naye ukukhangela i-relics kwi-Late Antiquity idibaniswa njengesandulela "kwizinto zakudala" zokuqala.
Uphando lwakutsha nje lokubamba isihloko
Kwihlathi laseKrumlov (eMzantsi Moravia, kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseCzech), i-mineshaft ye-prehistoric ibonakalise abafazi ababini bangcwatywa ecaleni komntwana osandul’ ukuzalwa kunye neentsalela zenja, ezifakwe kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-6.000 eyadlulayo. Umxholo ucebisa a isiko elinxulunyaniswa nokwembiwa kwelitye lenyengane, kunye neengqikelelo ezivela kwimikhosi yokukhusela abasebenzi ukuya kwizenzo ezinokwenzeka zokubingelela.
EOntario (eKhanada), emaphethelweni eWawa, kwavela ilitye elikhulu elikroliweyo (1,2 x 1,5 m) eligqalwa njengeli. Umbhalo omkhulu we-runic kuMntla Merika, ngoMthandazo weNkosi opheleleyo. Ucazululo lothelekiso lukhomba kumagama afana nala isithethe Swedish, yaye ubungqina obungokwembali bunxulumanisa nabasebenzi baseScandinavia benkulungwane ye-19.
Iqela lamazwe ngamazwe ligqibe ekubeni a Ithebhulethi yaseSumeri yabhalwa malunga ne-2400 BC. ebalisa ngokuthinjwa kothixo wesaqhwithi u-Iškur kumhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba nokuhlangulwa kwakhe yimpungutye. Yeyona Ibali lokuqala elaziwayo elidlala no-Iškur, evula ufundo olutsha kwizithixo zaseMesopotamiya kunye neyona ncwadi indala.
E-Uşakli Höyük (mhlawumbi umHeti uZippalanda), iphulo elikhokelwa yi KwiYunivesithi yasePisa uyibhale phantsi i intsalela yabantwana abasixhenxe ubuncinane ungcwatywe kwindawo yomngcwabo enxulumene nesakhiwo esisetyhula esintsonkothileyo. Umxube weentsalela zezilwanyana, uthuthu kunye neeseramikhi krwelela a isithethe esingaqhelekanga kwiMpuma Ekufuphi yamandulo.
Indawo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili ye-megalithic kwi-peninsula esembindini
ELos Yébenes (eToledo), iprojekthi ethi "Phakathi kwamazwe amabini" ibonise ukukhanya kwindawo La Chorrera i-complex ekhethekileyo etshintsha imephu ye-prehistory ye-interior ye-Peninsula yase-Iberia. Undoqo ngu a isakhiwo semicircular megalithic yeemitha ezingama-40 ngokwedayamitha, eyenziwe ngamakhonkco amatye agxininisiweyo kunye nenduli esembindini ephawulwe ukuqhelaniswa nempuma-ntshona.
Ukungabikho kobungqina bendawo yokuhlala kukhomba ku a indawo yomsitho kunye neyomngcwabo yokusetyenziswa ixesha elide malunga amawaka amathathu eminyaka, ukusuka kwi-Neolithic kunye ne-Chalcolithic kude kube yi-Second Iron Age. Oku kuqhubekeka kwenza indawo ibe a iziko lokuhlanganisa isiko engaqhelekanga ukuzingisa kwayo okwethutyana.
Iseti inxulumene ngokusondeleyo iisheltha ezine ezine-schematic rock art kwindawo ekufutshane, ukusondela okuya kusivumela ukuba sisulungekise ubalo-maxesha lwezi ziganeko ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili kumxholo we-archaeological wesikhumbuzo.
Indawo, etyebileyo imithombo kunye nemithombo yamanzi, ibethelela ixabiso elifuziselayo lenkangeleko yomhlaba kunye nokukhululwa kwayo kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Ukukhethwa kwendawo, ngoko, kubonakala kuphendula zombini izizathu zenkolo nezendalo.
Emva kweminyaka emininzi yomsebenzi wangaphambili Inqwaba yeBolweni, eli qela—ngenkxaso yeBhunga lesiXeko saseLos Yébenes, iBhunga lePhondo laseToledo kunye neUCM—ngoku lijongene ukuthandana ngokupheleleyo (C14), izifundo ze-archaeoastronomical kunye nerekhodi ebanzi kunye ifotogrammetry kunye neskena se3D, ngaphezu kwamanyathelo okukhusela kunye nezicwangciso zokufikelela kuluntu.
Italente ekwenzeni: ukufunyanwa kwegolide eNorthumberland
Ekugrumbeni kwakhe okokuqala, umfundi Yara Souza (University Newcastle) ibekwe nje 90 imizuzu a into yegolide ukusuka kumaXesha aPhakathi aPhakamileyo eRedesdale (eNorthumberland), ngaphakathi kovavanyo olwalandela ukufunyanwa kuka-2021 kwindawo enye.
Iqhekeza, malunga iisentimitha ezine kunye nesiphelo esihonjisiweyo, inxulumene nokuhamba kwe-elites kunye neyokudala Isitalato saseDere, indlela yaseRoma eyaqhubeka isetyenziswa kwiinkulungwane kamva nanamhlanje iyinxalenye yendlela i-A68. Ukuba unomdla kulo msebenzi, indlela yokufumana umsebenzi njenge-archaeologist sisikhokelo esiluncedo.
Ngokwengcali UJames Gerrard, umgangatho wento efunyenweyo ucebisa a ukusetyenziswa kwesithethe okanye kwezenkolo kwaye, mhlawumbi, idiphozithi ngabom. Iprojekthi igxininisa i intsebenziswano phakathi kwabachongi kunye nabembi bezinto zakudala, kunye noqeqesho olusebenzayo lwabafundi kubuchule bentsimi.
Amaqhekeza amabini egolide adityaniswe kwindawo aya kuphononongwa phambi kokuba aboniswe kwi Imyuziyam enkulu yaseMantla: Hancock, apho ziya kuhambelana nomxholo ngaphakathi kwendawo ye-archaeological landscape yommandla.
Iimyuziyam kunye nemisebenzi: Iziqithi zaseCanary zivula iiholo zayo
El Imyuziyam yeNdalo kunye neArchaeology yeTenerife (MUNA) uququzelele ukhenketho lokutolika olukhokelwa ngumgcini UMaría Candelaria Rosario Adrián, ngentsebenziswano neOfisi yokuThatha iNxaxheba kokuSingqongileyo kunye nokuVolontiya yeBhunga leSiqithi saseTenerife.
Ukhenketho lwasenza safunda ngokweenkcukacha ingqokelela, iinkqubo zolondolozo kunye nenqobo yokuchaza, ngenjongo yokusondeza uqeqesho kubemi kunye nokukhuthaza a inkcubeko yokuthatha inxaxheba nefikelelekayo malunga nelifa lesiqithi.
Kwi-archipelago, izithuba ezifana ICueva Pintada Archaeological Park kunye neMyuziyam (Gáldar) qhubeka nokugrumba kunye nokwenza umxholo wokundwendwela onceda ukuqonda imbali ngembali yeziqithi ukusuka ubungqina obuphathekayo.
Ngaphantsi kwamanzi: isayensi, umthetho kunye nenkumbulo
Ingxabano yamazwe ngamazwe malunga ne-frigate Inenekazi lethu leNceba misela inqanaba elibalulekileyo ngokuqaphela i ilungelo likaRhulumente kwizinto eziphantsi kwamanzi, ukunqanda ukuphanga nokomeleza ulawulo lwezenzululwazi lokuphuka kweenqanawa.
Umthwalo -iingqekembe, iingots kunye nezinto zomntu- yabuyiselwa eSpain kwaye namhlanje iyinxalenye yebali le Imyuziyam yeSizwe ye-Archaeology yangaphantsi kwamanzi (ARQVA) eCartagena, apho kwenziwa umsebenzi wokufunda nokulondoloza.
Ngo-2015, ungenelelo olungaphezulu kwe Iimitha ezi-1.100 ubunzulu Ngaphandle kweAlgarve, kunye ne-ROV ekhwele i-Ángeles Alvariño, iinkanunu ezibhaliweyo, isinyithi kunye izinto zomntu zisasazwe yimisinga, ebonisa indlela iteknoloji ivumela ngayo bona ngaphandle kokumba kwaye bakhe ngokutsha amabali abantu phantsi kolwandle.
La Unesco iqikelela ubukho bezigidi zokwaphukelwa kweenqanawa ezingakhange zibekho, yinyaniso uvimba wokukhangela kunye norhwebo kwihlabathi jikelele. Amazwi afanayo UFilipe Castro okanye uvulindlela George Bass Baye bagxininisa imfuneko yokusebenzisa iindlela ezingqongqo zezinto zakudala kunye nokuziphatha kwemyuziyam kwimarike yezinto zakudala.
Amatyala afana ne San Giacomo di Galizia, eyafunyanwa kumachweba aseGalician kwaye ikhethekileyo ekulondolozweni kwayo, isikhumbuza ukuba, ngaphaya kwesilivere negolide, ixabiso lokwenene lilele ulwazi lwembali ukuba iingozi zibonelela.
Phakathi kwemibhiyozo, iingxoxo kunye nobungqina obutsha, i-archeology ibonisa ukunyaniseka kwayo njengoko inzululwazi yezifundo ezahlukeneyo edibanisa umsebenzi wasendle, uhlalutyo lwebhubhoratri kunye nezixhobo ezifana irada engena emhlabeni, ifotogrammetry kunye nokuskena kwe-3DYintoni efunyenwe emhlabeni nangaphantsi kwamanzi ixhasa ingcamango elula: Ukukhusela ilifa lemveli kukukhusela iinkumbulo zethu, kwaye ikamva layo lixhomekeke kakhulu kubungqongqo bophando njengakummi onolwazi nobandakanyekayo.