Kukho abo basacinga ukuba, "Mna, andiyi kugqirha wengqondo, hayi ithuba!", ukanti, ngokuphindaphindiweyo, iimvakalelo ziyaphuphuma kwaye zithatha ubomi babo, umsebenzi, okanye izifundo, zibangele. iibhloko zokufunda. Ngaloo maxesha, Ukucela uncedo lweengcali kunokutshintsha., kwaye akufuneki ukuba ube "emphethweni" ukuyenza.
Ukungaqondi kakuhle kukudibanisa ukubonisana kwengqondo kuphela nokuphazamiseka okukhulu. Ayikho enye into engaphaya kwinyani: Le ngcaphephe ikwanceda kwintlungu, iingxaki zobomi, iziyobisi, kunye neengxaki zokulala., kwaye ide inike nesikhokelo malunga nokuba ngumzali okanye imikhuba enempilo xa imeko ifuna oko.
Yintoni ugqirha wengqondo?
Ugqirha wengqondo ngugqirha othi, emva kokuphumelela kwiyeza, ugxile kwi-psychiatry (nge-MIR eSpain, kunye nokhetho lwengqondo jikelele okanye ingqondo yomntwana kunye nomntwana ofikisayo). Indima yabo ibandakanya Ukukhuthazwa kwempilo yengqondo, ukuthintela, ukuxilongwa, unyango kunye nokubeka iliso kwiingxaki zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha.
Ezi ngcali zisebenza kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo: izibhedlele, amaziko empilo yengqondo, amaziko abucala, amaziko oluntu, amagumbi kaxakeka, kunye neentolongo. Ukongeza kwiklinikhi, Oogqirha bengqondo abaninzi benza imisebenzi yokufundisa, yokulawula kunye nophando, igalelo ekuphuculeni iindlela zonyango.
Enyanisweni, baphatha uluhlu olubanzi lweemeko: Ukudakumba, ukuxhalaba, i-schizophrenia, i-bipolar disorder, i-ADHD, ukuphazamiseka kokutya, iziyobisi, kunye nokuphazamiseka kobuntu, phakathi kwabanye. Bakwanyanga iimeko ezingxamisekileyo ezinje ngeenzame zokuzibulala, iziqendu ezibukhali zengqondo, okanye iimeko zokuphazamiseka ezibeka esichengeni ukhuseleko.
Xa ubona ugqirha wengqondo?
Luluvo olulungileyo ukwenza idinga xa ubona utshintsho oluphawulekayo kwindlela oziva ngayo, ukuziphatha, okanye imikhwa ehlala ngaphezu kweeveki ezimbalwa okanye ichaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Okukhona ivavanywa ngokukhawuleza, kokukhona kuya kuba lula ukuyinqanda le ngxaki ekubeni ingapheli. kunye nokuchaphazela imeko ekufutshane okanye ukusebenza kwezemfundo / umsebenzi, umzekelo kwi ukusebenza kwezemfundo okanye uchwephesha
Kukho izizathu ezifuna ukubonisana ngokukhawuleza, njenge ukubona izinto ezingekhoyo, ukuphakuzela, ukuva amazwi okanye iingcinga zokuzibulalaKwezi meko, kububulumko ukufuna ukhathalelo olungxamisekileyo. Ukuba kufanelekile, yiya kwigumbi likaxakeka okanye ufowunele iinkonzo zikaxakeka (112 eSpeyin) ukuze ufumane uncedo ngaphandle kokulibazisa.
Kukwakho iingxaki ezizingisileyo ezifuna uvavanyo olulodwa: ukudakumba, ukuxhalaba okukuthintelayo (ixhala le-maladaptive) okanye ezinye iimpawu eziphazamisa ukusebenza ekhaya, emsebenzini okanye kubudlelwane.
Ukongeza, oogqirha bengqondo bayaboniswana ngemiba efana nale ukuqala iyeza le-psychotropic, ukuphonononga iziphumo ezibi ezinzima, okanye ukulungisa iyeza sele icwangciswe yenye ingcali.
Iimpawu kunye notshintsho olufanele ukungahoywa
Ezinye iziphazamiso zemihla ngemihla zisenokubonakala ānjengeziqhwala nje,ā kodwa ukuba ziyaqhubeka okanye ziba mandundu, kububulumko ukufuna icebiso likagqirha. Ezona ziqhelekileyo ziquka ukunciphisa umzimba ngokukhawuleza, ukulala kakhulu okanye kancinci kakhulu, ubunzima bokugxila, ukutya kakhulu kunye nokuphelelwa yinkumbulo.
Kukho kwakhona iimeko apho i Imikhwa yokulalana yenza ukungonwabi okubalulekileyo kwaye ayiphucuki ngonyango lwengqondo yedwa, okanye xa kukho iziyobisi kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lokuxhomekeka. Kwezi meko, indibaniselwano ye-pharmacotherapy kunye ne-psychotherapy ihlala isebenzayo.
Kwinqanaba leemvakalelo, batsala ingqalelo Ukuguquguquka okugqithisileyo kweemvakalelo, umsindo ongalawulekiyo, ukukhathazeka ngokugqithiseleyo okanye uqaphele ukuba ukucinga kuthotywe kakhulu okanye kukhawuleziswe ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacileyo.
Ukuba ziyavela I-hallucinations, uloyiko olunzulu kunye noluzingisayo, ukuthabatheka okungapheliyo ngonyango kuphela okanye iingcamango eziqhubekayo ze-paranoid, uvavanyo lwengqondo luyacetyiswa ukuba lukhuphe ukuphazamiseka okungaphantsi kunye nokulungelelanisa isicwangciso sonyango.
Yintoni eyenziwa ngugqirha wengqondo ekuboniseni
Okokuqala, ingcali yenza a Uvavanyo olubanzi olubandakanya udliwano-ndlebe lweklinikhi, uvavanyo lwesimo sengqondo, kunye nokuhlolwa komzimba xa kufanelekile. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko, iimvavanyo zaselabhoratri okanye ezinye iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo zinokucelwa.
Ukukhokela ukuxilongwa, kusekelwe kwiinkqubo zokuhlela ezifana I-ICD (esetyenziswa kakhulu eYurophu, i-ICD-10 kunye nohlaziyo lwayo lwe-ICD-11) kunye ne-DSM (DSM-5), ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngumbono wobuqu, usapho kunye nentlalontle yesigulane ngasinye.
Indlela yayo yeyonyango esetyenziswa kwimpilo yengqondo: imodeli edibanisayo izinto zebhayoloji, ezengqondo, iimeko zentlalo, inkcubeko kunye ne-anthropologicalNgokungafani ne-neurology, eyona nto ijongene nezifo zenkqubo ye-nervous, i-psychiatry iqala ngokubandezeleka kwengqondo kwaye isebenzisa izixhobo zebhayoloji ukuxhasa ukuqonda kunye nonyango.
Ugqirha wengqondo uhlala esebenza njengeqela kunye ukonga okukhethekileyo, isayikholoji, umsebenzi wentlalontle kunye nonyango lomsebenziKwiimeko ezininzi, ulungelelanisa ukhathalelo, ulungelelanisa unyango, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwenkathalo.
Unyango olukhoyo kunye nobuchule
Uluhlu lwezonyango ludibanisa i-psychotherapy, iziyobisi kunye, kwiimeko ezikhethiweyo, iindlela ze-neuromodulationAyizizo zonke oogqirha bengqondo abasebenzisa unyango lwengqondo njengomsebenzi wabo ophambili, kodwa abaninzi bayayidibanisa kwisicwangciso sabo.
Phakathi kwawona mayeza axhaphakileyo ngala: antidepressants (umzekelo, i-SSRIs ezifana ne-fluoxetine okanye i-sertraline), i-antipsychotics (i-risperidone, i-olanzapine) kunye ne-mood stabilizers (efana ne-lithium), ehlala imiselwe kwaye ilawulwa yingcali.
Njengalo naliphi na iyeza, kunokubakho Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, ukusebenzisana, kunye nesidingo sohlengahlengiso lwethamoYiyo loo nto ukujonga rhoqo kubalulekile, ngakumbi ekuqaleni okanye xa udibanisa unyango.
Kwiimeko ezixhathisayo okanye ezimbi kakhulu, zixabiswa Unyango lwe-neuromodulation olufana ne-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) okanye i-transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), ngenkxaso yenzululwazi kwimiqondiso ethile efana noxinzelelo olukhulu oluxhathisayo.
I-Psychiatry, i-psychology kunye ne-neurology: umahluko kunye nentsebenziswano
I-Psychiatry kunye neengqondo ziyancedisana, kodwa azifani. Ugqirha wengqondo ngugqirha kwaye inokumisela iziyobisi ze-psychotropic kunye nokulungelelanisa iindlela zonyango, ngelixa i-psychologist igxile kuvavanyo kunye nonyango lwengqondo yeengxaki zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha.
Ngamnye ucetyiswa nini? Ugqirha wengqondo ngokuqhelekileyo lolona khetho lukhethwayo ukuba lukhona ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, umngcipheko wokuzibulala okanye imfuno yokulawula amayeza, okanye ukuba awufuni unyango lwengqondo. Isazi ngengqondo silungile xa ufuna unyango, ujonge isikhokelo esithile, okanye uzama ukunqanda uluhlu olude lokulinda.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, kungcono ukudibanisa zombini iindlela. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba Ugqirha wengqondo uhlengahlengisa unyango lwe-pharmacological kunye nesayikholoji yengqondo ikhokelela ungenelelo lwe-psychotherapeutic, kunye neeseshini ngokubanzi ixesha elide kule yokugqibela.
I-Neurology, inxalenye yayo, ibeka ingqalelo yokuqala i-pathologies ye-nervous system kunye nemiphumo yayo, ngelixa i-psychiatry iqala ngokugula ngengqondo kwaye isebenza kunye nebhayoloji ukuyiqonda; ide yachazwa "njengomhlaba ophakathi" phakathi kwemithambo-luvo kunye nesayikholoji.
I-Psychology, ngenxa yobubanzi bayo, yahlulwe kwiindawo ezincinci ezifana kwezonyango, ezomthetho, umbutho, ezemfundo, amapolisa-yamajoni, ezemidlalo, ezentlalo-uluntu, ummi ophezulu, iimeko ezingxamisekileyo kunye neentlekele, intsapho, iziyobisi, uqoqosho, indalo, i-penitentiary, umthengi, intengiso, i-neuropsychology kunye nezopolitiko.
Iingcali ezingaphantsi kunye neendawo zokusebenza
Inkqubo yohlulwe kwiinkalo ezininzi: Ingqondo yabantu abadala, ingqondo yomntwana kunye nolutsha, i-geriatric, ikhonkco okanye i-psychosomatic psychiatry, kunye neemeko ezingxamisekileyo (eSpeyin kukho uqeqesho lwe "Ngcali kwiiNgxaki zeMpilo yeNgqondo", engaqatshelwa njengeyona nto ikhethekileyo kumazwe athile e-EU).
Eminye imigca yomsebenzi ibandakanya i-psychopharmacology, biological, transcultural, psychodynamic psychiatry kunye neuropsychiatry, kunye neekliniki ezithile zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye nokukhathazeka, kunye namayeza obuthongo.
Uqeqesho lobukhoboka lubalasele. umlutha wengqondo ulandela inkqubo ekhethekileyo kakhulu emva kokuhlala ngokubanzi; eUnited States, kukho iinkqubo ze-subspecialization kubo bobabini oogqirha bengqondo kunye nabanye oogqirha, abaneemfuno ezingqongqo zomntu (izifundo ezimfutshane kunye nokufunda umgama kuphela akwamkelekanga).
Kwakhona ukufumana ubukho yi impilo yengqondo yabasetyhini, indlela yokudibanisa igxininise kwizigaba ezifana nokukhulelwa, emva kokubeleka, umjikelezo wobomi kunye neemeko ezithile ezichaphazela abafazi.
EUnited States, i-psychiatry yenye yeengcali ezivumela isatifikethi esongezelelweyo kwi I-Neurophysiology, iyeza leentlungu, ukhathalelo lokuthomalalisa, kunye neyeza lokulala, ukwandisa intsimi yesenzo.
Imbali kunye nendaleko yengqondo yengqondo
Uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kutshanje. Yaqala emva ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. ukuzalwa kwendawo yengqondo yanamhlanjeNgenkulungwane ye-19, ingcamango "yesifo sengqondo" yaduma, kwaye ingqondo yengqondo yahlanganiswa ngokuqinisekileyo kwiyeza.
Ukuza kuthi ga kwinkulungwane yama-20, abantu abaninzi abanengxaki yengqondo bavalelwa kwiindawo zokuhlala kwaye bamkelwa. āunyango lokuziphathaā olujoliswe ekudambiseni ukubhideka nokubuyisela ingqondoNgomnyaka we-1930, amanyathelo anobudlova kunye neengxabano zaziswa: ukufakwa kwe-artificial of seizures (i-electroshock, i-insulin kunye nezinye izinto) kunye neenkqubo ezifana ne-lobotomy okanye i-leucotomy.
Ezi zenzo, ezazixhaphakile ngelo xesha, zabangela ukuchaswa ngenxa yezizathu zokuziphatha kunye nemiphumo yayo emibiI-panorama yatshintsha kwiminyaka yamashumi amahlanu kunye ne Ukufika kwamachiza amatsha e-psychotropic, ngakumbi i-antipsychotic chlorpromazine, eyayisusa olona nyango luphikisanayo.
Ulwimi, ukuhlelwa kunye nendlela yokuziphatha
Kwinkalo yezifundo kunye neklinikhi kukhethwa ukuthetha ngayo "ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo" endaweni "yesifo sengqondo" ukunciphisa ibala elinxulunyaniswa neelebhile. Ezinye izikolo zengcinga zide zicebise ukuba igama elithi "ukuziphatha" libekwe phambili kune "ingqondo" ngenxa yokuchasana nokulinganisa kwalo.
Kwinkqubo yeklinikhi, iincwadana zokuxilonga ziyasetyenziswa: Ulwahlulo lwamazwe ngamazwe lweZifo (ICD-10 kunye ne-ICD-11) kunye Incwadana yokuHlola kunye neNkcazo yeNkcazelo yeNgqondo (DSM-5/DSM-V), kunye nokwahluka kokusetyenziswa ngokuxhomekeke kwilizwekazi kunye nomxholo wezempilo.
Ukuziphatha yintsika yalo msebenzi: ukuhlonipha ukuzimela, ubumfihlo kunye nemvume enolwazi Bakhokela ungenelelo oluchaphazela ubumfihlo kunye nesidima sabantu. Kungoko ukubaluleka kokwenza umsebenzi onoxanduva, olusekelwe kubungqina.
Njengomdla wolwimi, ngesiSpanish kukwalungile ukubhala "Ingqondo" kunye "nePsychology", nangona kulwimi olufundiweyo kukhethwa upelo oluno-āpsā.
I-forensic psychiatry kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokugweba
Kwinkundla yezomthetho, ugqirha wengqondo unokungenelela njengoko ingqina eliyingcaphephe okanye ingcaphepheXa esebenza njengogqirha ohambayo, unikezela ngolwazi olusekelwe kulwazi oluthe ngqo lwesigulane kunye nombandela, ngaphandle kokufuna ukwazi yonke into, ngaphandle kokwenza izigqibo ngokubanzi, kwaye ngelixa ugcina imfihlo yobungcali.
Noko ke, njengengcali, kufuneka lungisa uluvo, unike iingcebiso ezisekelwe kwiziphumo zalo kwaye ungenise kuvavanyo lwejaji, oya kuthi ekugqibeleni enze isigqibo malunga nokufaneleka kwe-pathology yengqondo kwimeko.
Iziphazamiso eziqhelekileyo kunye neemeko zongxamiseko
Phakathi kolona xilongo luxhaphakileyo lu: ukudakumba okukhulu (usizi olunzulu, i-anhedonia, utshintsho kumdla wokutya kunye nokulala), i I-bipolar disorder (ukuguquguquka kweemvakalelo ukusuka kwixinzelelo ukuya kwiziqendu zobuntu) kunye schizophrenia (ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukuqonda kunye nokuziphatha).
Ukongeza, eziqhelekileyo zi: ukuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka ngokubanzi, ukuphazamiseka okunyanzelekileyo, i uxinzelelo lwasemva kokubeleka kunye nezinye iimeko ezifuna iindlela ezidibeneyo zokufumana iziphumo ezilungileyo.
Kwigumbi likaxakeka, ugqirha wengqondo uvavanya umngcipheko wokuzenzakalisa, isidingo sokulaliswa esibhedlele kunye nokuzinzisa ngokukhawuleza, ukuseka amanyathelo okhuseleko kunye nonyango lokuqalisa ngokukhawuleza xa kuyimfuneko.
Uphando, uqeqesho kunye nokusebenzisana
I-Psychiatry iqhubela phambili ngesantya esikhulu enkosi Uphando kwi-neuroscience, genetics, pharmacology kunye nokusetyenziswa kobukrelekrele bokwenziwaIingcali ezininzi zidibanisa umsebenzi weklinikhi kunye neeprojekthi zesayensi ukuphucula ukuxilongwa kunye nokusebenza konyango; kukho nezixhobo zoku ukukhumbula kunye nokuqonda okuhambelana nongenelelo lwezonyango.
Ngexesha lokuhlala, siye sihlolisise i-neuroscience, i-psychopathology, i-pharmacology, i-psychotherapy kunye nolawulo lweengxaki, ngokujikeleza kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo (esibhedlele, ukubonisana nabangaphandle, ukubonisana, njl.).
Ukhathalelo olusemgangathweni ludla ngokuba ziinkalo ezahlukeneyo: oogqirha bengqondo, iisayikholojisti, abongikazi abakhethekileyo, oonontlalontle, kunye neengcali zokunyanga emsebenzini ukulungelelanisa iinzame zokugcina utshintsho lwexesha elide.
Ababhali kunye neenkokheli zoqeqesho
Imbali yengqondo ibandakanya amanani awaziwayo njenge UKarl Jaspers, uEmil Kraepelin, uEugen Bleuler, uHenri Ey, uViktor Frankl, uCarl Gustav Jung okanye Eric Kandel, kunye namagama adityaniswe nemvelaphi neuropsychiatry ezifana Alois Alzheimer okanye kunyango lwengqondo njengoko UFritz Perls kunye no-Irvin D. Yalom.
Zikwaqaqambisa Philippe Pinel, Kurt Schneider, Elisabeth KĆ¼bler-Ross kunye neenkokeli zehlabathi zeSpanishi ezifana UJulian de Ajuriaguerra, uHonorio Delgado, uJuan JosĆ© LĆ³pez Ibor noEmilio Mira y LĆ³pez, phakathi kwabanye abaninzi abaye bamisela umgangatho.
Apho kwaye njani ukucela uncedo
Ukuba uyakrokrela ukuba unokuxhamla kudliwano-ndlebe, kusengqiqweni ukuthatha inyathelo lokuqala. Ugqirha wakho wosapho unokukukhokela kwaye akuthumele. kowona mthombo ufanelekileyo, kwaye kukho abalawuli beengcali zokufumana iingcali ezibonelela ngodliwano-ndlebe.
Ukoyisa ihlazo okanye uloyiko lokuba abantu baya kuthini yinxalenye yenkqubo: Ukufuna uncedo sisenzo senkalipho nokuzinyamekelaUkuba ukwimeko embi kakhulu okanye ucinga ngokuzenzakalisa, funa uncedo olukhawulezileyo; awuwedwa, kwaye kukho izibonelelo zokuxhasa.
I-Psychiatry ayiphelelanga ekuchazeni iziyobisi: ivavanya ngokungqongqo, idibanisa unyango lwengqondo, amayeza kunye nomxholo, isebenzisana nabanye abaqeqeshi kunye nokulungelelanisa kumntu ngamnye, ukusuka kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu kwiingxaki eziqhelekileyo ezimele zilungiswe ngokukhawuleza.
